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Schools In Alabama! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.We live in a scientific age. Millions of young population study science, thousands of universities teach it, and hundreds of publications tell it. We even have a cable channel devoted exclusively to its wonders. We are immersed in technology rooted in its discoveries. But what is science, and who was its first practitioner?
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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Schools In Alabama.Science is the study of the corporeal world, but it is not just a topic, a subject, a field of interest. It is a discipline--a theory of inquiry that adheres to a specific methodology--the scientific method. In its basic form, the scientific method consists of seven steps:
1) observation;
2) statement of a question or question;
3) formulation of a hypothesis, or a possible reply to the question or question;
4) testing of the hypothesis with an experiment;
5) analysis of the experiment's results;
6) interpretation of the data and formulation of a conclusion;
7) publication of the findings.
One can study phenomena without adhering to the scientific method, of course. The result, however, is not science. It is pseudoscience or junk science.
Throughout history, many population in many parts of the world have studied nature without using the scientific method. Some of the earliest population to do so were the ancient Greeks. Scholars such as Aristotle made many observations about natural phenomena, but they did not test their ideas with experiments. Instead they relied on logic to hold their findings. As a result, they often arrived at erroneous conclusions. Centuries later the errors of the Greeks were exposed by scholars using the scientific method.
Perhaps the most notable debunking of Greek beliefs occurred in 1589 when Galileo Galilei challenged Aristotle's notions about falling bodies. Aristotle had asserted that heavy bodies fall at a faster rate than light bodies do. His contention was logical but unproven. Galileo decided to test Aristotle's hypothesis, legend says, by dropping cannon balls of different weights from a balcony of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. He released the balls simultaneously and found that neither ball raced ahead of the other. Rather, they sped earthward together and hit the ground at the same time. Galileo also conducted experiments in which he rolled balls of different weights down inclines in an attempt to search for the truth about falling bodies. For these and other experiments, Galileo is considered by many to be the first scientist.
Galileo was not the first someone to guide experiments or to effect the scientific method, however. European scholars had been conducting experiments for three hundred years, ever since a British-born Franciscan monk named Roger Bacon advocated experimentation in the thirteenth century. One of Bacon's books, Perspectiva (Optics) challenges ancient Greek ideas about foresight and includes several experiments with light that comprise all seven steps of the scientific method.
Bacon's Perspectiva is not an primary work, however. It is a summary of a much longer work entitled De aspectibus (The Optics). Perspectiva follows the organization of De aspectibus and repeats its experiments step by step, sometimes even word for word. But De aspectibus is not an primary work, either. It is the translation of a book written in Arabic entitled KitÄb al-ManÄzir (Book of Optics). Written colse to 1021, KitÄb al-ManÄzir predates Roger Bacon's summary of it by 250 years. The author of this groundbreaking book was a Muslim expert named AbÅ« 'AlÄ« al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham.
Born in Basra (located in what is now Iraq) in 965, Ibn al-Haytham --known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen--wrote more than 200 books and treatises on a wide range of subjects. He was the first someone to apply algebra to geometry, founding the branch mathematics known as analytic geometry.
Ibn al-Haytham's use of experimentation was an outgrowth of his skeptical nature and his Muslim faith. He believed that human beings are flawed and only God is perfect. To search for the truth about nature, he reasoned, one had to allow the universe to speak for itself. "The seeker after truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them," Ibn al-Haytham wrote in Doubts about Ptolemy, "but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to discussion and demonstration."
To test his hypothesis that "lights and colors do not blend in the air," for example, Ibn al-Haytham devised the world's first camera obscura, observed what happened when light rays intersected at its aperture, and recorded the results. This is just one of dozens of "true demonstrations," or experiments, contained in KitÄb al-ManÄzir.
By insisting on the use of verifiable experiments to test hypotheses, Ibn al-Haytham established a new theory of inquiry--the scientific method--and earned a place in history as the first scientist.
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